Inventions made in China
Most foreign companies with R&D sites in China are aware of the fact that inventors having inventions made in China have to obtain permission before they can file patent applications outside of China for these Chinese inventions. It doesn’t matter if the owner of the business is a foreign entity. Patent applications covering inventions “made in China” (on Chinese soil) must first be filed in China or the inventor must obtain permission from the Chinese government to file abroad first.
Inventors from China
All inventors for inventions made in China (including partially made in China) are entitled to be fairly compensated for their work (Article 76 of the Implementation Rules of the Chinese Patent Law). The minimum payment by law is 2% of the business profits unless if an internal policy or employment contract is in place. Rewards can vary, but the final compensation must be fair, with certain minimum requirements (e.g., 3000 RMB for an invention patent).
Additionally, current law stipulates that inventions made by employees (1) during the course of employment or (2) mainly using the employer’s materials and technical means (“Service Inventions”) automatically belong to the employer. However, the reach of this ownership goes one year beyond an employee’s resignation, retirement, or change in work. This means that an employer can “claw back” an invention from an employee’s future employer if the employee is working in an area that relates to his responsibilities at the previous employer.
Proposed changes to the law will change this [see update below]. Under the proposed changes, inventions made
(1) mainly using the employer’s materials and technical means; but
(2) not during the course of employment
will no longer automatically belong to the employers (i.e. these inventions are not categorized as service inventions). Instead, inventors will own these inventions provided there are no contracts stipulating otherwise. The proposed changes also dramatically increase the default inventor remuneration amounts, e.g., to at least 20% of the net income generated through an assignment or licensing deal.
[UPDATE] The latest proposed changes have removed the expanded ownership scope described above and have reverted the language back to the original. However, the new proposed changes allow employers to provide incentive schemes to inventors, such as equity, options, or shares. They also allow the employer to give up its rights to file for IP on Service Inventions, perhaps allowing an inventor to file instead?
Heightened Scrutiny for Foreign Parties Transferring IP out of China
Effective as of March 29, 2018, the State Council in China will need to review and approve all transfers of technical intellectual property assets (e.g., patents, registered integrated circuit layout designs, computer software copyrights, plant varieties) from Chinese companies to foreign companies. Transfers include exclusive licenses and transfer of ownership or controlling party. This only applies to Chinese entities, not people. Therefore, it does not include Chinese employees transferring IP rights to their foreign employers.
Summary Thoughts
In view of the changes in the laws, we think it is essential to put into place strong employment agreements and company policies governing invention ownership and remuneration, especially if the company has R&D in China or is working with collaborators in China. Companies should especially take care when setting up agreements that relate to research done in China (e.g., with a Chinese contract research organization) and consider whether employees at these companies previously worked at another “similar-enough” company where their inventions may be “clawed back” by the previous company.
Companies need to be vigilant when it comes to creating IP in China and transferring IP out of China. Not having the right contracts in place or not setting up the proper structures could result in critical issues with a company’s IP assets and could result in future complicated litigations.
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